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In June, a study published in Science estimated that 1000 tons of airborne plastic debris rains down on national parks and remote stretches of wilderness in the United States. In April, researchers documented microplastics in Antarctic sea ice for the first time. News that microplastics have spread into many of the earth’s habitats is nothing new, but this year, scientists published several studies showing that the amount is much greater than previously thought and the reach is much further than previously documented.

Hot, dry summers, due in part to climate change, have set the region up for longer, more volatile fire seasons. Massive fires have dominated the state recently, with seven of the most destructive burns taking place in the last five years. In the United States, California recorded its worst fire season ever, with more than 3 million acres destroyed. Residents and animals abandoned their homes for safety, unsure of what would remain when they returned. Roughly a quarter of the ecosystem, which is larger in area than Greece, burned. In Brazil, fires ravaged the Pantanal, the world’s largest tropical wetland, from July through October. Thousands of Australians fled their homes, and many animals died or scurried from their threatened habitats. Millions of acres in Australia, which was set up for disaster as 2019 marked its hottest and driest year on record, burned from last October into January 2020. Perhaps no illustration of the effects of climate change this year was more dramatic than the preponderance of massive wildfires. This possible peak continues a dangerous trend, with the ten hottest years ever documented all occurring since 2005. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases director Anthony Fauci hailed the accomplishments as a “triumph.” Now comes the complicated, months-long process of distributing the vaccines to the public.Īs of the writing of this list, 2020 is in competition with 2016 to be the hottest year ever recorded. By mid-December, the FDA approved both vaccines for use in the United States. In November, the companies declared their vaccines were more than 90 percent effective. By July, both companies began late stage trials, each with roughly 30,000 participants.

The previous record for vaccine development was for mumps, which took four years in the 1960s, but Moderna started working on a vaccine in January and Pfizer and BioNTech began working together in March. This is different from a traditional vaccine, which is made of small amounts of an existing virus.

An mRNA vaccine contains a synthetic version of RNA that tricks the immune system into thinking a virus is present so that it will make antibodies designed to fight the virus. In less than a year, Moderna and Pfizer, in cooperation with BioNTech, created the first messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines ever to protect against Covid-19. While the disease continues to spread and cause death, help is in sight thanks to the record-setting effort to develop vaccines. In the United States, more than 19 million patients have tested positive for the disease and more than 338,000 of them have died. Since the first case of Covid-19 was reported in China late last year, more than 802 million cases and more than 1.7 million deaths have been confirmed around the world. Presenting the key innovations, studies and discoveries that made 2020 an unforgettable year in science: It’s a subjective round-up, of course, but one compiled by our editors after much thought and debate. But none of those moments made this list of the biggest science stories of the year. In incredible advances, researchers used three new tools for making discoveries about the sun, discovered that dinosaurs got cancer and published a study on a discovery in a Mexican cave that changes the timeline of humans’ arrival to the Americas.

OMNIBUS JULIO CORTAZAR ANALISIS HOW TO

The world grappled with how to combat the SARS-CoV-2 virus, learning about how it spread (whether it was on surfaces, via droplets or being airborne) and how it affected the human body (from immunity to symptoms like loss of smell.) But scientific endeavors in other fields, whether affected directly by the pandemic or indirectly by public health measures, didn’t come to a complete halt because of SARS-CoV-2. Covid-19 dominated science coverage in 2020, and rightly so.

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